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'Magnetic Field' | | |
| Result: Searchterm 'Magnetic Field'
found in 22 messages |
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More Results:  Database (219) News Service (76) Resources (16) |
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Math G
Fri. 30 Jun.17,
21:02
[Reply (10 of 12) to:
'90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse'
started by: 'Bjorn Redfors'
on Sat. 27 Jun.09]
 Category:
Basics and Physics
|
| 90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse |
I will try an answer to this rather old tread, in case someone stumble upon this like me.
The phenomenon of "coherence" that produce transverse magnetization after a 90 RF pulse cannot be answered by classical mechanics, or any simple model that represents individual protons as precessing magnets in either the parallel/antiparallel direction with regards to the MRI magnetic field.
Rather, it is a phenomenon related to quantum mechanics and the effect of a RF field on a interacting group of particles with spins (not necessarily oriented as parallel/antiparallel, I might add, even under the effect of a magnetic field).
The simplest depiction, as I understand, would be to imagine a group of spins as literally rotating as a whole under the effect of the RF. After a certain time (corresponding to a 90 degree pulse), the net magnetization that was oriented parallel to the MRI magnetic field, is now oriented in the transverse plane, causing transverse magnetization and signal. If you further apply RF, the system will continue to rotate, shifting gradually toward an antiparralel orientation, losing transverse magnetization in the process.
Hope its clearer!
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Barry Ng
Wed. 10 Jul.13,
17:10
[Start of:
'Titanium & MRI Safety'
2 Replies]
Category:
Safety
|
| Titanium & MRI Safety |
I am trying to understand why titanium is considered "MRI Safe".
I see three potential problems when considering the MRI safety of a material:
1 - If it is a ferromagnetic material extreme damaging forces will be applied to the material if exposed to a very strong magnetic field. Titanium is not a magnetic material so I do not see this as a problem.
2 - When a relatively large flat conductor (e.g. a titanium plate) is exposed to a changing magnetic field (Faraday's law) eddy currents will be created internally as the result of induced voltages. These eddy currents can be very high and cause resistive heating ("I squared R losses"). I would think these eddy currents would have the potential to cause extreme heating of the titanium. I know from experience this does occur with steel and titanium has a conductivity about the same as steel. Titanium is not magnetic as is steel but induced voltages due not require a ferromagnetic material (.e.g. copper as used in real world generators, etc.).
3 - Induced voltages are created across the length of a conductor as the result of the conductor being exposed to a changing magnetic field ("genrator effect" - Faraday's Law). Again this effect does not require a magnetic material. So why, at best, does this effect not have the potential to be uncomfortable or even very painful to the MRI patient being exposed to a huge changing magnetic field?
Invariably the response to why titanium is safe focuses on the fact that it is not magnetic. I get the deer in the headlight look when I ask about eddy current heating and induced voltages.
Please help me understand why unduced eddy current heating and induce voltages are not a concern.
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Steven Ford
Tue. 31 Jan.12,
08:19
[Reply (1 of 2) to:
'RF shimming'
started by: 'Reader Mail'
on Thu. 1 Oct.09]
Category:
Basics and Physics
|
| RF shimming |
For Magnetic fields, the overall field is adjusted to push it up a little bit in one spot and push it down a little bit in another area. The goal is to create a field that's perfectly homogenous.
The RF field created by the transmit coil likewise must be as homogenous as possible, so that the flip angle is constant throughout the imaging volume. In the past, designers have solved this problem by building coils such as the 'birdcage' style that would create a very even amount of energy inside. This is one reason why the transmit coils tend to be large.
With the advent of 3 Tesla and stronger magnets, the RF resonant frequency also rises. RF energy absorbed in the patient rises with the higher frequencies also, and another problem raises its head: it's a lot harder to make a very homogenous RF field. Even if you are scanning phantoms, the inside tends to be subject to different energy than the edges.
But in the human body, there are all sorts of irregular lumps and bumps that absorb RF differently, further complicating matters.
Now, on modern scanners it's possible to perform a magnetic field shim with the patient actually in the magnet in order to compensate for minute changes in the magnet from one exam to another. For super-high field magnets, an RF shim is also a handy thing to do.
If you have a Multi element RF transmit coil (regular phased array coils are just for receiving) you can run a program which selectively turns up the power in some elements so that the overall signal received is maximized. That's an RF shim.
Steven Ford
Professional Imaging Services, Inc.
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Lyle Downing
Sat. 26 Sep.09,
20:27
[Reply (4 of 12) to:
'90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse'
started by: 'Bjorn Redfors'
on Sat. 27 Jun.09]
Category:
Basics and Physics
|
| 90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse |
Perhaps this will help shed some light on this.
Keep in mind that before the initial 90 pulse all protons contributing to the MR signal are in a relaxed state completely in alignment with the static magnetic field. Flipping them 90 degrees into the transverse plane does align them up initially and yes they do relax at different rates as they give up their energy. The 180 pulse takes whatever state they are in at the time and flips them in order to not make them all 180, but to quickly get a cleaner non contaminated representation of the tissues in question. So for example after the initial 90 and after letting the protons relax for a bit you might see water at say 50 degrees and fat at say 70 degrees flipping them 180 keeps whatever energy state they are in the time.
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hithesh n
Fri. 11 Sep.09,
08:33
[Reply (2 of 12) to:
'90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse'
started by: 'Bjorn Redfors'
on Sat. 27 Jun.09]
Category:
Basics and Physics
|
| 90 excitation pulse vs 180 inversion pulse |
Hi Bjorn,
I might be able to explain this even though its too late.
Initially a 90 excitation pulse is applied, the Hydrogen protons precess in the XY plane. Now they are spinning in sync in the XY or transverse plane. This is where they emit the RF signal.
But pretty soon, the neighboring hydrogen protons go out of sync, ie one is going faster and the other is going slower. This is similar to runners running a race in a track, they all start at the same time(assume) but after a couple of secs, some run faster than the other. The faster ones are in the front and the slower ones are in the back.
How do you bring them back into sync?
This is where the 180 excitation comes into play.
Now you apply a 180 pulse, this is equivalent to making the runners run in opposite direction. Now suddenly, the slower runners are gonna be in the front and faster ones in the back. Eventually the faster ones catchup and all of them are gonna be in sync. They go out of sync again.
They go out of sync bcoz the magnetic field applied is not uniform and due to material (tissues, bones etc). Local variations in the field causes the protons to go out of sync.
The 180 brings them in to coherence, not instantly but they do catch up and become coherent.
The 90, brings them into coherence almost instantly.
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